The endogenous metabolites in serum samples, representing blank control, model group, and low, medium, and high Huaihua Powder groups, were comprehensively profiled using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), were applied to the data to identify patterns. Mass Profiler Professional (MPP) B.1400 screened potential biomarkers, employing a fold change threshold of 2 and a p-value less than 0.05. Surfactant-enhanced remediation MetaboAnalyst 50 enriched the metabolic pathways. The results showed that Huaihua Powder treatment had a marked positive impact on mice with ulcerative colitis, resulting in improved general condition, colon tissue structure, a lower disease activity index, and reduced serum concentrations of TNF-, IL-6, and IL-1. Research indicates 38 potential biomarkers that are likely linked to Huaihua Powder's regulatory function, with key roles in glycerophospholipid metabolic processes, the metabolism of glycine, serine, and threonine, the mutual transformations of glucuronic acid, and glutathione metabolism. Metabolomics analysis was undertaken in this study to understand how Huaihua Powder impacts the mechanism of ulcerative colitis, setting the stage for subsequent research endeavors.
This pioneering study, for the first time, juxtaposed the restorative effects of L-borneol, natural borneol, and synthetic borneol on different brain regions in a rat model experiencing acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), providing a roadmap for the rational application of borneol in the early treatment of ischemic stroke and holding substantial academic and practical significance. Rats, male, Sprague-Dawley, specific pathogen-free (SPF) and healthy, were divided into 13 treatment groups in a randomised fashion: a control group, a model group, a Tween-treated model group, a nimodipine positive control group, and three further groups for each of L-borneol, natural borneol, and synthetic borneol, with doses of 0.2, 0.1, and 0.005 g/kg respectively, all according to the body weight of the rat. A rat model of I/R, created via suture occlusion and confirmed using laser speckle imaging, was initiated after three days of pre-treatment. After grouping, agents from each category received a one-day treatment regimen. Starting before pre-administration, measurements of body temperature were recorded regularly on days 1, 2, and 3 of pre-administration. A further check was performed two hours after the model awoke, followed by a final assessment one day post model establishment. Neurological function was measured twice – at two hours and then again the next day following awakening – using the Zea-Longa score and the modified neurological severity score (mNSS). Blood was collected from the abdominal aorta in rats, 30 minutes after their last medication. To assess serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), an ELISA methodology was employed. Cerebral infarction rate was calculated using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining of brain tissues, with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining used to observe and semi-quantitatively assess the pathology in different brain areas. The expression of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) in microglia was assessed via the immunohistochemical method. Quantitative PCR (q-PCR) was used to evaluate the mRNA expression of iNOS and arginase 1 (Arg1), providing insights into microglia polarization phenotypes, specifically M1 and M2. The model and Tween model groups, when compared to the sham-operation group, displayed a significantly higher body temperature, Zea-Longa score, mNSS score, and cerebral infarction rate. They also exhibited severe damage to the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, along with elevated serum IL-6 and TNF-α, and reduced serum IL-4 and TGF-β1. The three borneol products were associated with a decrease in rat body temperature, measurable one day after the modeling procedure. Treatment with synthetic borneol at 0.2 and 0.05 grams per kilogram, and L-borneol at 0.1 grams per kilogram, significantly decreased the values for both the Zea-Longa score and mNSS. A dose of 0.2 grams per kilogram of the three borneol products resulted in a substantial decrease in the occurrence of cerebral infarctions. Significant reductions in cortical pathology were observed following treatment with L-borneol at 0.2 and 0.1 grams per kilogram and natural borneol at a dosage of 0.1 grams per kilogram. The administration of 0.1 g/kg of both L-borneol and natural borneol reduced the pathological damage in the hippocampus, and 0.2 g/kg of L-borneol alone similarly mitigated the damage in the striatum. A notable decrease in serum TNF- levels was observed with 0.02 g/kg L-borneol, combined with three doses of both natural and synthetic borneol; additionally, 0.01 g/kg of synthetic borneol decreased IL-6 levels. 0.2 g/kg L-borneol and synthetic borneol considerably reduced the activation of cortical microglia cells. The three borneol products, in closing, may reduce inflammation, thereby diminishing the pathological impact on rat brain regions in the acute I/R phase, by inhibiting microglia activation and facilitating the transition from M1 to M2 microglia polarization. The protective impact on the brain followed a consistent pattern: L-borneol proving most effective, then synthetic borneol, and finally natural borneol. Our recommendation for initial I/R treatment in the acute phase is L-borneol.
Bufonis Venenum extracted from Bufo gargarizans gargarizans and B. gararizans andrewsi was compared and contrasted; the rationale behind the market price was validated through a zebrafish model. The collection included twenty batches of Bufonis Venenum, deriving from Jiangsu, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, and Liangshan, Sichuan provinces, encompassing both B. gargarizans gargarizans and B. gararizans andrewsi varieties. Utilizing UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS coupled with principal component analysis, a comparison was made to identify differences between two types of Bufonis Venenum. Based on the restrictions of VIP greater than 1, FC lower than 0.05 or greater than 20, and a peak total area ratio exceeding 1%, the following nine differential markers were distinguished: cinobufagin, cinobufotalin, arenobufagin, resibufogenin, scillaredin A, resibufagin, 3-(N-suberoylargininyl)-arenobufagin, 3-(N-suberoylargininyl)-marinobufagin, and 3-(N-suberoylargininyl)-resibufogenin. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) was utilized to ascertain the content of 20 Bufonis Venenum batches via high-performance liquid chromatography. The two batches exhibiting the most variance in the three quality control indexes (bufalin, cinobufagin, and resibufogenin), according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, were CS7 (899% of total content) and CS9 (503% of total content). These were subsequently chosen for anti-liver tumor activity assessment in zebrafish. The two batches of samples exhibited tumor inhibition rates of 3806% and 4529% respectively. This strongly suggests that using only the quality control indices from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia to determine the market value of Bufonis Venenum is unreasonable. ANA-12 Data from this research supports the practical application of Bufonis Venenum resources and the creation of a sound quality evaluation system.
To determine the chemical foundation of Rhododendron nivale, various chromatographic procedures were meticulously employed in this study. This resulted in the isolation of five novel meroterpenoid enantiomers (1a/1b-5a/5b) from the ethyl acetate extract of R. nivale. auto-immune response Various spectral analytical techniques, comprising high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, were employed to ascertain the structure, coupled with electronic circular dichroism (ECD) measurement and calculation. ()-nivalones A-B (1a/1b-2a/2b) and ()-nivalnoids C-D (3a/3b-4a/4b), along with the known enantiomer ()-anthoponoid G (5a/5b), were the names given to the new compounds 1a/1b-4a/4b. Employing hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) induced oxidative stress in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y), the protective action of isolated compounds against nerve cell damage was evaluated. Experiments confirmed that compounds 2a and 3a provided protection against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress on nerve cells at a concentration of 50 mol/L, leading to a notable increase in cell survival rate, from 4402% ± 30% to 6782% ± 112% and 6220% ± 187%, respectively. Substantial protective effects against oxidative cell damage were not observed in the other substances tested. By enriching the chemical composition of *R. nivale*, these findings provide valuable data for the structural elucidation of its meroterpenoids.
The product quality review (PQR) data pool of TCM enterprises is extensive. Unearthing the hidden knowledge within production data is possible through mining, ultimately improving pharmaceutical manufacturing technology. Unfortunately, the available research on PQR data mining is scarce, making it challenging for enterprises to develop effective data analysis methods. This investigation introduced a method to extract information from PQR data, divided into four functional modules: data collection and preprocessing, variable risk categorization, risk assessment via batches, and quality regression analysis. In addition, a case study of the TCM product formulation process was conducted to demonstrate the methodology. A comprehensive case study, conducted over 2019-2021, collected data from 398 product batches, recording 65 process variables. Variable risks were sorted by their impact on the process performance index. Analyzing each batch's risk factors through both short-term and long-term perspectives, the variables with the most significant impact on product quality were determined using partial least squares regression.